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Postado as 14:14 0 comentários  

Reversing C++ String And QString

domingo, 28 de janeiro de 2024

After the rust string overview of its internal substructures, let's see if c++ QString storage is more light, but first we'r going to take a look to the c++ standard string object:



At first sight we can see the allocation and deallocation created by the clang++ compiler, and the DAT_00400d34 is the string.

If we use same algorithm than the rust code but in c++:



We have a different decompilation layout. Note that the Ghidra scans very fast the c++ binaries, and with rust binaries gets crazy for a while.
Locating main is also very simple in a c++ compiled binary, indeed is more  low-level than rust.


The byte array is initialized with a simply move instruction:
        00400c4b 48 b8 68        MOV        RAX,0x6f77206f6c6c6568

And basic_string generates the string, in the case of rust this was carazy endless set of calls, detected by ghidra as a runtime, but nevertheless the basic_string is an external imported function not included on the binary.

(gdb) x/x 0x7fffffffe1d0
0x7fffffffe1d0: 0xffffe1e0            low str ptr
0x7fffffffe1d4: 0x00007fff           hight str ptr
0x7fffffffe1d8: 0x0000000b        sz
0x7fffffffe1dc: 0x00000000
0x7fffffffe1e0: 0x6c6c6568         "hello world"
0x7fffffffe1e4: 0x6f77206f
0x7fffffffe1e8: 0x00646c72
0x7fffffffe1ec: 0x00000000        null terminated
(gdb) x/s 0x7fffffffe1e0
0x7fffffffe1e0: "hello world"

The string is on the stack, and it's very curious to see what happens if there are two followed strings like these:

  auto s = string(cstr);
  string s2 = "test";

Clang puts toguether both stack strings:
[ptr1][sz1][string1][null][string2][null][ptr2][sz2]

C++ QString datatype

Let's see the great and featured QString object defined on qstring.cpp and qstring.h

Some QString methods use the QCharRef class whose definition is below:

class Q_EXPORT QCharRef {     friend class QString;     QString& s;     uint p;
 
 Searching for the properties on the QString class I've realized that one improvement that  rust and golang does is the separation from properties and methods, so in the large QString class the methods are  hidden among the hundreds of methods, but basically the storage is a QStringData *;
 
 After removing the methods of QStringData class definition we have this:
 
 struct Q_EXPORT QStringData : public QShared {
     QChar *unicode;
     char *ascii;
 #ifdef Q_OS_MAC9
     uint len;
 #else
     uint len : 30;
 












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OWASP Blog Moved To Website







This will be the last post from the OWASP Blogger.  Moving forward all of our blog content can be found on our website under our News
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eMAPT - Mobile Application Penetration Testing Professional








The eMAPT - Mobile Application Penetration Testing Professional course from the popular eLearnSecurity Institute and INE is an advanced mobile application penetration testing course. Prerequisite for this course is completion of the eJPT course . In the eMAPT course, you will learn the penetration testing of iOS and Android software at a high level. In this course, penetration testing of Android and iOS based software will be taught. In this course, you will find SQL Injection vulnerabilities, software analysis, usage, with basic topics such as the structure of iOS and Android software, compiling and signing software, security in iOS and Android, reverse engineering of iOS and Android software. 
Course pre requisites
  • Completion of the eJPT course
  • Course specifications
  • Course level: Intermediate
  • Time: 11 hours and 7 minutes
  • Includes: ‌ 17 videos | ‌ 21 slides
  • Professor: Anthony Trummer
  • EMAPT Course Content - Mobile Application Penetration Testing Professional
  • Android & Mobile App Pentesting
  • Android Architectures
  • Setting up a Testing Environment
  • Android Build Process
  • Reversing APKs
  • Device Rooting
  • Android Application Fundamentals
  • Network Traffic
  • Device and Data Security
  • Tapjacking
  • Static Code Analysis
  • Dynamic Code Analysis
  • iOS & Mobile App Pentesting
  • iOS Architecture
  • Jailbreaking Device
  • Setting up a Testing Environment
  • iOS Build Process
  • Reversing iOS Apps
  • iOS Application Fundamentals
  • iOS Testing Fundamentals
  • Network Traffic
  • Device Adminsitration
  • Dynamic Analysis
Link to Download 


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03:28


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Potao Express Samples



sábado, 27 de janeiro de 2024






 http://www.welivesecurity.com/2015/07/30/operation-potao-express/
 
 http://www.welivesecurity.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/Operation-Potao-Express_final_v2.pdf
 
 
 
 
 TL; DR
 
 
 
 2011- July 2015
 
 
 
     
  • Aka  Sapotao and node69
    •  
  • Group - Sandworm / Quedagh APT
    •  
  • Vectors - USB, exe as doc, xls
    •  
  • Victims - RU, BY, AM, GE 
    •  
  • Victims - MMM group, UA gov
    •  
  • truecryptrussia.ru has been serving modified versions of the encryption software (Win32/FakeTC) that included a backdoor to selected targets. 
    •  
  • Win32/FakeTC - data theft from encrypted drives
    •  
  • The Potao main DLL only takes care of its core functionality; the actual spying functions are implemented in the form of downloadable modules. The plugins are downloaded each time the malware starts, since they aren't stored on the hard drive.
    •  
 
 
     
  • 1st Full Plugin and its export function is called Plug. Full plugins run continuously until the infected system is restarted
    •  
 
     
  • 2nd Light Plugin with an export function Scan. Light plugins terminate immediately after returning a buffer with the information they harvested off the victim's machine.
    •  
 
 
     
  • Some of the plugins were signed with a certificate issued to "Grandtorg":
    •  
  • Traffic 
    •  
 
 
     
  • Strong encryption. The data sent is encapsulated using the XML-RPC protocol.
    •  
 
     
  • MethodName value 10a7d030-1a61-11e3-beea-001c42e2a08b is always present in Potao traffic.
    •  
 
     
  • After receiving the request the C&C server generates an RSA-2048 public key and signs this generated key with another, static RSA-2048 private key .
    •  
 
     
  • In 2nd stage the malware generates a symmetric AES-256 key. This AES session key is encrypted with the newly received RSA-2048 public key and sent to the C&C server.
    •  
 
     
  • The actual data exchange after the key exchange is then encrypted using symmetric cryptography, which is faster, with the AES-256 key
    •  
 
     
  • The Potao malware sends an encrypted request to the server with computer ID, campaign ID, OS version, version of malware, computer name, current privileges, OS architecture (64 or 32bits) and also the name of the current process.
    •  
 
 
     
  • Potao USB - uses social engineering, exe in the root disguised as drive icon
    •  
  • Potao Anti RE -  uses the MurmurHash2 algorithm for computing the hashes of the API function names.
    •  
  • Potao Anti RE - encryption of strings
    •  
  • Russian TrueCrypt Win32/FakeTC - The malicious program code within the otherwise functional TrueCrypt software runs in its own thread. This thread, created at the end of the Mount function, enumerates files on the mounted encrypted drive, and if certain conditions are met, it connects to the C&C server, ready to execute commands from the attackers.
    •  
  • IOC https://github.com/eset/malware-ioc/tree/master/potao
    •  
 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
TypeSHA256MD5
 
1stVersion1fe6af3d704d2fc0c7acd58b069a31eec866668ec6e25f52354e6e61266db8db85b0e3264820008a30f17ca19332fa19
 
1stVersion2ff0941fe3514abc12484ad2853d22fd7cb36469a313b5ecb6ef0c6391cf78abac854a3c91d52bfc09605506e76975ae
 
1stVersion54a76f5cd5a32ed7d5fa78e5d8311bafc0de57a475bc2fddc23ee4b3510b9d443b7d88a069631111d5585b1b10cccc86
 
1stVersion76c7c67274cf5384615a120e69be3af64cc31d9c4f05ff2031120612443c8360d1658b792dd1569abc27966083f59d44
 
1stVersion244c181eb442fefcf1e1daf900896bee6569481c0e885e3c63efeef86cd64c550c7183d761f15772b7e9c788be601d29
 
1stVersion887a721254486263f1f3f25f3c677da62ef5c062c3afa7ef70c895bc8b17b424a35e48909a49334a7ebb5448a78dcff9
 
1stVersion945c594aee1b5bd0f3a72abe8f5a3df74fc6ca686887db5e40fe859e3fc90bb1502f35002b1a95f1ae135baff6cff836
 
1stVersionab8d308fd59a8db8a130fcfdb6db56c4f7717877c465be98f71284bdfccdfa25a446ced5db1de877cf78f77741e2a804
 
1stVersionb22a614a291111398657cf8d1fa64fa50ed9c66c66a0b09d08c53972c6536766d939a05e1e3c9d7b6127d503c025dbc4
 
1stVersionfcfdcbdd60f105af1362cfeb3decbbbbe09d5fc82bde6ee8dfd846b2b844f97214634d446471b9e2f55158d9ac09d0b2
 
DebugVersion910f55e1c4e75696405e158e40b55238d767730c60119539b644ef3e6bc32a5d7263a328f0d47c76b4e103546b648484
 
DebugVersionc821cb34c86ec259af37c389a8f6cd635d98753576c675882c9896025a1abc53bdc9255df5385f534fea83b497c371c8
 
DebugVersionf845778c3f2e3272145621776a90f662ee9344e3ae550c76f65fd954e7277d195199fcd031987834ed3121fb316f4970
 
Droppersfrompostalsites4dcf14c41b31f8accf9683917bfc9159b9178d6fe36227195fabc232909452af65f494580c95e10541d1f377c0a7bd49
 
Droppersfrompostalsites8bc189dee0a71b3a8a1767e95cc726e13808ed7d2e9546a9d6b6843cea5eb3bda4b0615cb639607e6905437dd900c059
 
Droppersfrompostalsites048621ecf8f25133b2b09d512bb0fe15fc274ec7cb2ccc966aeb44d7a88beb5b07e99b2f572b84af5c4504c23f1653bb
 
Droppersfrompostalsitesaa23a93d2fed81daacb93ea7ad633426e04fcd063ff2ea6c0af5649c6cfa03851927a80cd45f0d27b1ae034c11ddedb0
 
Droppersfrompostalsitesc66955f667e9045ea5591ebf9b59246ad86227f174ea817d1398815a292b8c88579ad4a596602a10b7cf4659b6b6909d
 
Droppersfrompostalsitesd6f126ab387f1d856672c730991573385c5746c7c84738ab97b13c897063ff4ae64eb8b571f655b744c9154d8032caef
 
Dropperswdecoy61dd8b60ac35e91771d9ed4f337cd63e0aa6d0a0c5a17bb28cac59b3c21c24a9d755e52ba5658a639c778c22d1a906a3
 
Dropperswdecoy4328b06093a4ad01f828dc837053cb058fe00f3a7fd5cfb9d1ff7feb7ebb8e32b4d909077aa25f31386722e716a5305c
 
Dropperswdecoy15760f0979f2ba1b4d991f19e8b59fc1e61632fcc88755a4d147c0f5d47965c5fc4b285088413127b6d827656b9d0481
 
Dropperswdecoyb9c285f485421177e616a148410ddc5b02e43f0af375d3141b7e829f7d487bfd73e7ee83133a175b815059f1af79ab1b
 
Dropperswdecoycf3b0d8e9a7d0ad32351ade0c52de583b5ca2f72e5af4adbf638c81f4ad8fbcbeebbcb1ed5f5606aec296168dee39166
 
Dropperswdecoydbc1b98b1df1d9c2dc8a5635682ed44a91df6359264ed63370724afa9f19c7ee5a24a7370f35dbdbb81adf52e769a442
 
FakeTrueCryptextractedexe4c01ffcc90e6271374b34b252fefb5d6fffda29f6ad645a879a159f78e095979b64dbe5817b24d17a0404e9b2606ad96
 
FakeTrueCryptextractedexe5de8c04a77e37dc1860da490453085506f8aa378fbc7d811128694d8581b89ba7ca6101c2ae4838fbbd7ceb0b2354e43
 
FakeTrueCryptextractedexe73aae05fab96290cabbe4b0ec561d2f6d79da71834509c4b1f4b9ae714159b42f64704ed25f4c728af996eee3ee85411
 
FakeTrueCryptextractedexec7212d249b5eb7e2cea948a173ce96e1d2b8c44dcc2bb1d101dce64bb3f5beccc1f715ff0afc78af81d215d485cc235c
 
FakeTrueCryptSetup42028874fae37ad9dc89eb37149ecb1e6439869918309a07f056924c1b981deff34b77f7b2233ee6f727d59fb28f438a
 
FakeTrueCryptSetupa3a43bbc69e24c0bc3ab06fbf3ccc35cf8687e2862f86fb0d269258b68c710c9babd17701cbe876149dc07e68ec7ca4f
 
FakeTrueCryptSetupb8844e5b72971fe67d2905e77ddaa3366ae1c3bead92be6effd58691bc1ff8eccfc8901fe6a9a8299087bfc73ae8909e
 
FakeTrueCryptSetupfe3547f0e052c71f872bf09cdc1654137ee68f878fc6d5a78df16a13e6de176883f3ec97a95595ebe40a75e94c98a7bd
 
OtherDroppers2de76a3c07344ce322151dbb42febdff97ade8176466a3af07e5280bd859a18638e708fea8016520cb25d3cb933f2244
 
OtherDroppers4e88b8b121d768c611fe16ae1f008502b2191edc6f2ee84fef7b12b4d86fe000360df4c2f2b99052c07e08edbe15ab2c
 
OtherDroppers29dfc81b400a1400782623c618cb1d507f5d17bb13de44f123a333093648048f89a3ea3967745e04199ebf222494452e
 
OtherDroppers97afe4b12a9fed40ad20ab191ba0a577f5a46cbfb307e118a7ae69d04adc2e2d6ba88e8e74b12c914483c026ae92eb42
 
OtherDroppers793a8ce811f423dfde47a5f44ae50e19e7e41ad055e56c7345927eac951e966b043f99a875424ca0023a21739dba51ef
 
OtherDroppers904bb2efe661f654425e691b7748556e558a636d4f25c43af9d2d4dfbe83262e02d438df779affddaf02ca995c60cecb
 
OtherDroppersb62589ee5ba94d15edcf8613e3d57255dd7a12fce6d2dbd660fd7281ce6234f411b4e7ea6bae19a29343ae3ff3fb00ca
 
OtherDroppersd2c11706736fda2b178ac388206472fd8d050e0f13568c84b37683423acd155d27d74523b182ae630c4e5236897e11f3
 
OtherDroppersf1f61a0f9488be3925665f8063006f90fab1bf0bd0b6ff5f7799f8995ff8960e1ab8d45656e245aca4e59aa0519f6ba0
 
USBSpreaders1acae7c11fb559b81df5fc6d0df0fe502e87f674ca9f4aefc2d7d8f828ba7f5c76dda7ca15323fd658054e0550149b7b
 
USBSpreaders3d78f52fa0c08d8bf3d42074bf76ee56aa233fb9a6bc76119998d085d94368caca1a3618088f91b8fb2a30c9a9aa4aca
 
USBSpreaders7d15bd854c1dfef847cdd3caabdf4ab81f2410ee5c7f91d377cc72eb81135ff4a2bb01b764491dd61fa3a7ba5afc709c
 
USBSpreaders09c04206b57bb8582faffb37e4ebb6867a02492ffc08268bcbc717708d1a8919a59053cc3f66e72540634eb7895824ac
 
USBSpreaders12bb18fa9a12cb89dea3733b342940b80cd453886390079cb4c2ffcd664baeda2bd0d2b5ee4e93717ea71445b102e38e
 
USBSpreaders34e6fb074284e58ca80961feda4fe651d6d658077914a528a4a6efa91ecc749d057028e46ea797834da401e4db7c860a
 
USBSpreaders90b20b1687909c2f76f750ba3fd4b14731ce736c08c3a8608d28eae3f4cd68f3514423670de210f13092d6cb8916748e
 
USBSpreaders93accb71bf4e776955756c76990298decfebe4b1dd9fbf9d368e81dc1cb9532dabb9f4fab64dd7a03574abdd1076b5ea
 
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USBSpreaders339a5199e6d0b5f781b08b2ca0ad0495e75e52b8e2fd69e1d970388fbca7a0d6a427ff7abb17af6cf5fb70c49e9bf4e1
 
USBSpreaders340b09d661a6ac45af53c348a5c1846ad6323d34311e66454e46c1d38d53af8b2646f7159e1723f089d63e08c8bfaffb
 
USBSpreaders461dd5a58ffcad9fffba9181e234f2e0149c8b8ba28c7ea53753c74fdfa0b0d5609abb2a86c324bbb9ba1e253595e573
 
USBSpreaders4688afcc161603bfa1c997b6d71b9618be96f9ff980e5486c451b1cc2c5076cbae552fc43f1ba8684655d8bf8c6af869
 
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USBSpreaders61862a55dcf8212ce9dd4a8f0c92447a6c7093681c592eb937a247e38c8109d4e685ea8b37f707f3706d7281b8f6816a
 
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USBSpreadersb8b02cc57e45bcf500b433806e6a4f8af7f0ac0c5fc9adfd11820eebf4eb5d79cdc60eb93b594fb5e7e5895e2b441240
 
USBSpreaderse57eb9f7fdf3f0e90b1755d947f1fe7bb65e67308f1f4a8c25bc2946512934b739b67cc6dae5214328022c44f28ced8b
 
USBSpreaderse3892d2d9f87ea848477529458d025898b24a6802eb4df13e96b0314334635d03813b848162261cc5982dd64c741b450
 
USBSpreadersf1d7e36af4c30bf3d680c87bbc4430de282d00323bf8ae9e17b04862af28673635724e234f6258e601257fb219db9079
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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