Hacking PayPal's Express Checkout

Do you know what is happening in the background when you buy something in an online shop using PayPal?

In this post we will tackle the following problems:

• How can PayPal's API be tested?
• How does PayPal's Express Checkout work? You can find the detailed report here.
• How can we debit more money than authorized?

How PayPal's API can be tested?

PayPal's Sandbox API

PayPal offers a feature called PayPal Sandbox Accounts, which mimics the production API. The basic idea is that a normal user/shop can test the API and make transactions without actually transferring money. This is the perfect tool for developers to test their API integration.

Access to all messages

The next question is how to get access to all messages. All browser-related messages can be inspected, intercepted, and modified via BurpSuite. The main problem here is how to get access to the server-to-server exchanged messages: the messages exchanged between PayPal and a shop. In order to solve this problem, we deployed our own shop. For this purpose we used Magento, which already has a PayPal integration.
Once we have our own controlled shop, we can enforce Magento to send all request through a proxy.
In the following picture you can see our setup.

Test suite for analyzing PayPal's API [1]

In order to capture the traffic between our Magento hhop and PayPal we proceeded as follows:

• We configured Magento to use a proxy running on localhost:8081.
• We connected the proxy port on the virtual machine with our local machine via SSH remote port forwarding by issuing the following command

    ssh -N -R 8081: localhost :8081 <IP of Magento shop>

• We configured BurpSuite running on our local machine to listen on Port 8081 for incoming requests.

Now, we were able to see the entire traffic.
Please note that we uses our own, custom Magento shop in order to be able to test Paypal's API.

PayPal's Express Checkout

An overview of the checkout procedure is depicted in the following:

PayPal's Express Checkout [2]

Step 1: Magento tells the PayPal API where to redirect the user after authorizing the transaction via the parameter RETURNURL and requests a token for this transaction.
Step 2: The PayPal API provides Magento with the token.
Step 3: Magento redirects the user to PayPal's website. The redirect contains the token from the previous step.
Step 4:  The user authorizes the transaction. As a result, he will be redirected back to Magento (RETURNURL) with the token.
Step 5: Magento issues a request to the PayPal API to get the transaction details.

Step 6: Magento signals the PayPal API to execute the transaction.

Step 7: Magento serves the success page.

A more detailed view of the protocol and all parameters is shown on page 16 in the full version. We will concentrate only on step 6 and the parameters relevant for the attack.

The Attack

The goal of the attack is to let a shop (in our case Magento) debit more money than authorized by the PayPal user. The core of the attack is Step 6 -- DoExpressCheckoutPayment. Let's get a deeper look at this message:

Magento can raise the authorized amount and debit more money from the user's account

• The shop sends the token, which was issued in the first step of the protocol and identifies uniquely the transaction through all steps. 
• The PayerID referring to the user that authorized the payment.
• The AMT defining the amount, which will be transferred.
• The API Credentials authenticating Magento on PayPal.
• The Version pointing to the release number of the API.

As one can imagine, the core problem we found was the change of the AMT parameter. This value can be freely chosen by the shop, despite the fact that the user has authorized a different amount.

We tested only the SandBox API, but refused to test the production API in order to avoid problems. We promptly contacted PayPal's security team and described the problem hoping that PayPal can and will test the production API against the attack.

The response of PayPal can be summarized as follows:

• We don't get any BugBounty since we only tested the Sanbox API. (Fair enough)
• In the Production API PayPal this flexibility is a wanted feature. Thus, PayPal allows a merchant to charge for shipping and/or other expenses different amounts. Any malicious behavior can be detected by PayPal. In case of fraudulent charges the consumer are protected by the Buyer Protection policy.

... but the Sandbox API was nevertheless fixed.

Authors of this Post

Daniel Hirschberger
Vladislav Mladenov
Christian Mainka (@CheariX)



[1] BurpSuite Logo
[2] PayPal Express CheckoutRelated articles

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C++ Std::Condition_Variable Null Pointer Derreference

This story is about a bug generated by g++ and clang compilers (at least)
The condition_variables is a feature on the standard library of c++ (libstdc++), when its compiled statically a weird asm code is generated.


Any example on the link below will crash if its compiled statically:
 https://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/thread/condition_variable

In this case the condition_variable.wait() crashed, but this happens with other methods, a simple way to trigger it:

If this program is compiled dynamically the crash doesn't occur:

Looking the dissasembly there is a surprise created by the compiler:

Compilers:
    g++  9.2.1+20200130-2
    clang++ v9

Both compilers are generating the "call 0x00"

If we check this call in a dynamic compiled:

The implementation of condition_variable in github:
https://github.com/gcc-mirror/gcc/blob/b7c9bd36eaacac42631b882dc67a6f0db94de21c/libstdc%2B%2B-v3/include/std/condition_variable

The compilers can't copile well this code in static,  and same happens on  other condition_variable methods.
I would say the _lock is being assembled improperly in static, is not exacly a null pointer derreference but the effects are the same, executing code at address 0x00 which on linux is a crash on most of cases.

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CEH Practical: Information-Gathering Methodology

 

Information gathering can be broken into seven logical steps. Footprinting is performed during the first two steps of unearthing initial information and locating the network range.

Footprinting

Footprinting is defined as the process of establishing a scenario or creating a map of an organization's network and systems. Information gathering is also known as footprinting an organization. Footprinting is an important part of reconnaissance process which is typically used for collecting possible information about a targeted computer system or network. Active and Passive both could be Footprinting. The example of passive footprinting is assessment of a company's website, whereas attempting to gain access to sensitive information through social engineering is an example of active information gathering. Basically footprinting is the beginning step of hacker to get hacked someone because having information about targeted computer system is the main aspect of hacking. If you have an information about individual you wanna hack so you can easily hacked that individual. The basic purpose of information gathering is at least decide what type of attacks will be more suitable for the target. Here are some of the pieces of information to be gathered about a target
during footprinting:

• Domain name
• Network blocks
• Network services and applications
• System architecture
• Intrusion detection system
• Authentication mechanisms
• Specific IP addresses
• Access control mechanisms
• Phone numbers
• Contact addresses

Once this information is assemble, it can give a hacker better perception into the organization, where important information is stored, and how it can be accessed.

Footprinting Tools 

Footprinting can be done using hacking tools, either applications or websites, which allow the hacker to locate information passively. By using these footprinting tools, a hacker can gain some basic information on, or "footprint," the target. By first footprinting the target, a hacker can eliminate tools that will not work against the target systems or network. For example, if a graphics design firm uses all Macintosh computers, then all hacking software that targets Windows systems can be eliminated. Footprinting not only speeds up the hacking process by eliminating certain tool sets but also minimizes the chance of detection as fewer hacking attempts can be made by using the right tool for the job. Some of the common tools used for footprinting and information gathering are as follows:

• Domain name lookup
• Whois
• NSlookup
• Sam Spade

Before we discuss these tools, keep in mind that open source information can also yield a wealth of information about a target, such as phone numbers and addresses. Performing Whois requests, searching domain name system (DNS) tables, and using other lookup web tools are forms of open source footprinting. Most of this information is fairly easy to get and legal to obtain.

Footprinting a Target 

Footprinting is part of the preparatory pre-attack phase and involves accumulating data regarding a target's environment and architecture, usually for the purpose of finding ways to intrude into that environment. Footprinting can reveal system vulnerabilities and identify the ease with which they can be exploited. This is the easiest way for hackers to gather information about computer systems and the companies they belong to. The purpose of this preparatory phase is to learn as much as you can about a system, its remote access capabilities, its ports and services, and any specific aspects of its security.

DNS Enumeration

DNS enumeration is the process of locating all the DNS servers and their corresponding records for an organization. A company may have both internal and external DNS servers that can yield information such as usernames, computer names, and IP addresses of potential target systems.

NSlookup and DNSstuff

One powerful tool you should be familiar with is NSlookup (see Figure 2.2). This tool queries DNS servers for record information. It's included in Unix, Linux, and Windows operating systems. Hacking tools such as Sam Spade also include NSlookup tools. Building on the information gathered from Whois, you can use NSlookup to find additional IP addresses for servers and other hosts. Using the authoritative name server information from Whois ( AUTH1.NS.NYI.NET ), you can discover the IP address of the mail server.

Syntax

nslookup www.sitename.com

nslookup www.usociety4.com

Performing DNS Lookup

This search reveals all the alias records for www.google.com and the IP address of the web server. You can even discover all the name servers and associated IP addresses.

Understanding Whois and ARIN Lookups

Whois evolved from the Unix operating system, but it can now be found in many operating systems as well as in hacking toolkits and on the Internet. This tool identifies who has registered domain names used for email or websites. A uniform resource locator (URL), such as www.Microsoft.com , contains the domain name ( Microsoft.com ) and a hostname or alias ( www ).
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) requires registration of domain names to ensure that only a single company uses a specific domain name. The Whois tool queries the registration database to retrieve contact information about the individual or organization that holds a domain registration.

Using Whois

• Go to the DNSStuff.com website and scroll down to the free tools at the bottom of the page.
• Enter your target company URL in the WHOIS Lookup field and click the WHOIS button.
• Examine the results and determine the following:
  
  • Registered address
  • Technical and DNS contacts
  • Contact email
  • Contact phone number
  • Expiration date

• Visit the company website and see if the contact information from WHOIS matches up to any contact names, addresses, and email addresses listed on the website.

• If so, use Google to search on the employee names or email addresses. You can learn the email naming convention used by the organization, and whether there is any information that should not be publicly available.

Syntax

whois sitename.com
whois usociety4.com

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RFCrack Release - A Software Defined Radio Attack Tool

RFCrack uses the following hardware with RFCat libraries:

YardStick One: 

https://goo.gl/wd88sr

I decided to cleanup my RF testing harness and release it as a tool named RFCrack

Mostly because it has been pain to set up use-case scenarios from scratch for every device I am testing. Rather then release a tool no one knows how to use. The below video will be a quick but comprehensive tutorial to get you started If you've been following the blogs, this will greatly simplify your testing, in the following ways:

• RFCrack handles all of your data conversions. 
• It allows you to capture, replay and save payloads for use anytime 
• It will handle rolling code bypass attacks on your devices. 
• You can jam frequencies and fuzz specific values 
• It will also allow you to scan specific frequencies in discovery mode or incrementally probe them 
• RFCrack will hopefully have keyless entry & engine bypass support in the near future

This is the first release, everything works as intended but there will be plenty of updates as I continue to do research and find reasons to add features needed for testing. I am still making changes and making it more flexible with modifiable values and restructuring code.  If you have any legitimate use case scenarios or need a specific value to be modifiable, hit me up and I will do my best to update between research, if its a legitimate use case.

You can reach me at:
Twitter: @Ficti0n
http://cclabs.io , http://consolecowboys.com

GitHub Code for RFCrack:

https://github.com/cclabsInc/RFCrack

Full RF Hacking Course in Development:

Not all of the attacks in the tool have been covered in the RF hacking blog series and a few more are in research mode, as such, not yet added to the tool but will probably be covered in a full length online class on Hacking with RF which includes all targets and equipment.  Send an email to info(at)cclabs.io if your interested.

Walkthrough Training Video:

Until Next time: 

Cheers, and enjoy the tool for your personal use testing devices, feedback and bug reports are appreciated.  I have another RF blog coming out shortly based on my friends research into hacking garages/gates and creating keyfobs.  I will post when its ready. 

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Fluxion - Set Up Fake AP, Fake DNS, And Create Captive Portal To Trick Users Into Giving You Their Password

Fluxion is a security auditing and social-engineering research tool. It is a remake of linset by vk496 with (hopefully) less bugs and more functionality. The script attempts to retrieve the WPA/WPA2 key from a target access point by means of a social engineering (phishing) attack. It's compatible with the latest release of Kali (rolling). Fluxion's attacks' setup is mostly manual, but experimental auto-mode handles some of the attacks' setup parameters. Read the FAQ before requesting issues.
If you need quick help, fluxion is also avaible on gitter. You can talk with us on Gitter or on Discord.

Installation
Read here before you do the following steps.
Download the latest revision

git clone --recursive git@github.com:FluxionNetwork/fluxion.git

Switch to tool's directory

cd fluxion 

Run fluxion (missing dependencies will be auto-installed)

./fluxion.sh

Fluxion is also available in arch

cd bin/arch
makepkg

or using the blackarch repo

pacman -S fluxion

Changelog
Fluxion gets weekly updates with new features, improvements, and bugfixes. Be sure to check out the changelog here.

How it works

• Scan for a target wireless network.
  
• Launch the Handshake Snooper attack.
  
• Capture a handshake (necessary for password verification).
  
• Launch Captive Portal attack.
  
• Spawns a rogue (fake) AP, imitating the original access point.
  
• Spawns a DNS server, redirecting all requests to the attacker's host running the captive portal.
  
• Spawns a web server, serving the captive portal which prompts users for their WPA/WPA2 key.
  
• Spawns a jammer, deauthenticating all clients from original AP and lureing them to the rogue AP.
  
• All authentication attempts at the captive portal are checked against the handshake file captured earlier.
  
• The attack will automatically terminate once a correct key has been submitted.
  
• The key will be logged and clients will be allowed to reconnect to the target access point.
  
• For a guide to the Captive Portal attack, read the Captive Portal attack guide
  

Requirements
A Linux-based operating system. We recommend Kali Linux 2 or Kali rolling. Kali 2 & rolling support the latest aircrack-ng versions. An external wifi card is recommended.

Related work
For development I use vim and tmux. Here are my dotfiles

Credits

1. l3op - contributor
2. dlinkproto - contributor
3. vk496 - developer of linset
4. Derv82 - @Wifite/2
5. Princeofguilty - @webpages and @buteforce
6. Photos for wiki @http://www.kalitutorials.net
7. Ons Ali @wallpaper
8. PappleTec @sites
9. MPX4132 - Fluxion V3

Disclaimer

• Authors do not own the logos under the /attacks/Captive Portal/sites/ directory. Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for "fair use" for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, and research.
  
• The usage of Fluxion for attacking infrastructures without prior mutual consent could be considered an illegal activity, and is highly discouraged by its authors/developers. It is the end user's responsibility to obey all applicable local, state and federal laws. Authors assume no liability and are not responsible for any misuse or damage caused by this program.
  

Note

• Beware of sites pretending to be related with the Fluxion Project. These may be delivering malware.
  
• Fluxion DOES NOT WORK on Linux Subsystem For Windows 10, because the subsystem doesn't allow access to network interfaces. Any Issue regarding the same would be Closed Immediately
  

Links
Fluxion website: https://fluxionnetwork.github.io/fluxion/
Discord: https://discordapp.com/invite/G43gptk
Gitter: https://gitter.im/FluxionNetwork/Lobby

Download Fluxion

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CEH: System Hacking, Cracking A Password, Understanding The LAN Manager Hash, NetBIOS DoS Attacks

Passwords are the key element of information require to access the system. Similarly, the first step is to access the system is that you should know how to crack the password of the target system. There is a fact that users selects passwords that are easy to guess. Once a password is guessed or cracked, it can be the launching point for escalating privileges, executing applications, hiding files, and covering tracks. If guessing a password fails, then passwords may be cracked manually or with automated tools such as a dictionary or brute-force method.

Cracking a Password

Passwords are stored in the Security Accounts Manager (SAM) file on a Windows system and in a password shadow file on a Linux system.

Manual password cracking involves attempting to log on with different passwords. The hacker follows these steps:

1. Find a valid user account (such as Administrator or Guest).
2. Create a list of possible passwords.
3. Rank the passwords from high to low probability.
4. Key in each password.
5. Try again until a successful password is found.

A hacker can also create a script file that tries each password in a list. This is still considered manual cracking, but it's time consuming and not usually effective.

A more efficient way of cracking a password is to gain access to the password file on a system. Most systems hash (one-way encrypt) a password for storage on a system. During the logon process, the password entered by the user is hashed using the same algorithm and then compared to the hashed passwords stored in the file. A hacker can attempt to gain access to the hashing algorithm stored on the server instead of trying to guess or otherwise identify the password. If the hacker is successful, they can decrypt the passwords stored on the server.

Understanding the LAN Manager Hash

Windows 2000 uses NT LAN Manager (NTLM) hashing to secure passwords in transit on the network. Depending on the password, NTLM hashing can be weak and easy to break. For example, let's say that the password is 123456abcdef . When this password is encrypted with the NTLM algorithm, it's first converted to all uppercase: 123456ABCDEF . The password is padded with null (blank) characters to make it 14 characters long: 123456ABCDEF__ . Before the password is encrypted, the 14-character string is split in half: 123456A and
BCDEF__ . Each string is individually encrypted, and the results are concatenated:

123456A = 6BF11E04AFAB197F
BCDEF__ = F1E9FFDCC75575B15

The hash is 6BF11E04AFAB197FF1E9FFDCC75575B15 .

Cracking Windows 2000 Passwords

The SAM file in Windows contains the usernames and hashed passwords. It's located in the Windows\system32\config directory. The file is locked when the operating system is running so that a hacker can't attempt to copy the file while the machine is booted to Windows.

One option for copying the SAM file is to boot to an alternate operating system such as DOS or Linux with a boot CD. Alternately, the file can be copied from the repair directory. If a system administrator uses the RDISK feature of Windows to back up the system, then a compressed copy of the SAM file called SAM._ is created in C:\windows\repair . To expand this file, use the following command at the command prompt:

C:\>expand sam._ sam

After the file is uncompressed, a dictionary, hybrid, or brute-force attack can be run against the SAM file using a tool like L0phtCrack. A similar tool to L0phtcrack is Ophcrack.

Download and install ophcrack from http://ophcrack.sourceforge.net/

Redirecting the SMB Logon to the Attacker

Another way to discover passwords on a network is to redirect the Server Message Block (SMB) logon to an attacker's computer so that the passwords are sent to the hacker. In order to do this, the hacker must sniff the NTLM responses from the authentication server and trick the victim into attempting Windows authentication with the attacker's computer.

A common technique is to send the victim an email message with an embedded link to a fraudulent SMB server. When the link is clicked, the user unwittingly sends their credentials over the network.

SMBRelay

An SMB server that captures usernames and password hashes from incoming
SMB traffic. SMBRelay can also perform man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks.

SMBRelay2

Similar to SMBRelay but uses NetBIOS names instead of IP addresses to capture usernames and passwords.

pwdump2

A program that extracts the password hashes from a SAM file on a Windows system. The extracted password hashes can then be run through L0phtCrack to break the passwords.

Samdump

Another program that extracts NTLM hashed passwords from a SAM file.

C2MYAZZ

A spyware program that makes Windows clients send their passwords as clear text. It displays usernames and their passwords as users attach to server resources.

NetBIOS DoS Attacks

A NetBIOS denial-of-service (DoS) attack sends a NetBIOS Name Release message to the NetBIOS Name Service on a target Windows systems and forces the system to place its name in conflict so that the name can no longer be used. This essentially blocks the client from participating in the NetBIOS network and creates a network DoS for that system.

1. Start with a memorable phrase, such as "Maryhadalittlelamb"
2. Change every other character to uppercase, resulting in "MaRyHaDaLiTtLeLaMb"
3. Change a to @ and i to 1 to yield "M@RyH@D@L1TtLeL@Mb"
4. Drop every other pair to result in a secure repeatable password or "M@H@L1LeMb"

Now you have a password that meets all the requirements, yet can be "remade" if necessary.

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5 BEST HACKING BOOKS 2018

Most of the people don't go with videos and read books for learning. Book reading is a really effective way to learn and understand how things work. There are plenty of books about computers, security, penetration testing and hacking. Every book shows a different angle how things work and how to make system secure and how it can be penetrated by hackers. So, here I have gathered a few of the best hacking books of 2018 available on the market.

BEST HACKING BOOKS OF 2018

There are hundreds of books about hacking, but I have streamlined few of best hacking books of 2018.

1. THE HACKER'S PLAYBOOK PRACTICAL GUIDE TO PENETRATION

This handbook is about experting yourself with the hacking techniques in the hacker's way. This is about penetration testing that how hackers play their techniques and how we can counter them.

CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Pregame – The Setup
• Setting Up a Penetration Testing Box
• Before the Snap – Scanning the Network
• The Drive – Exploiting Scanner Findings
• The Throw – Manual Web Application Findings
• The Lateral Pass – Moving Through the Network
• The Screen – Social Engineering
• The Onside Kick – Attacks that Require Physical Access
• The Quarterback Sneak – Evading AV
• Special Teams – Cracking, Exploits, Tricks
• Post Game Analysis – Reporting

Download the Hacker's Playbook Practical Guide to Penetration.

2. ANDROID HACKER'S HANDBOOK

The Android Hacker's Handbook is about how the android devices can be hacked. Authors chose to write this book because the field of mobile security research is so "sparsely charted" with disparate and conflicted information (in the form of resources and techniques).

CONTENTS

• Chapter 1 Looking at the Ecosystem
• Chapter 2 Android Security Design and Architecture
• Chapter 3 Rooting Your Device
• Chapter 4 Reviewing Application Security
• Chapter 5 Understanding Android's Attack Surface
• Chapter 6 Finding Vulnerabilities with Fuzz Testing
• Chapter 7 Debugging and Analyzing Vulnerabilities
• Chapter 8 Exploiting User Space Software
• Chapter 9 Return Oriented Programming
• Chapter 10 Hacking and Attacking the Kernel
• Chapter 11 Attacking the Radio Interface Layer
• Chapter 12 Exploit Mitigations
• Chapter 13 Hardware Attacks

Download Android Hacker's Handbook.

3. PENETRATION TESTING: A HANDS-ON INTRODUCTION TO HACKING

This book is an effective practical guide to penetration testing tools and techniques. How to penetrate and hack into systems. This book covers beginner level to highly advanced penetration and hacking techniques.

CONTENTS

• Chapter 1: Setting Up Your Virtual Lab
• Chapter 2: Using Kali Linux
• Chapter 3: Programming
• Chapter 4: Using the Metasploit Framework
• Chapter 5: Information Gathering
• Chapter 6: Finding Vulnerabilities
• Chapter 7: Capturing Traffic
• Chapter 8: Exploitation
• Chapter 9: Password Attacks
• Chapter 10: Client-Side Exploitation
• Chapter 11: Social Engineering
• Chapter 12: Bypassing Antivirus Applications
• Chapter 13: Post Exploitation
• Chapter 14: Web Application Testing
• Chapter 15: Wireless Attacks
• Chapter 16: A Stack-Based Buffer Overflow in Linux
• Chapter 17: A Stack-Based Buffer Overflow in Windows
• Chapter 18: Structured Exception Handler Overwrites
• Chapter 19: Fuzzing, Porting Exploits, and Metasploit Modules
• Chapter 20: Using the Smartphone Pentesting Framework

Download Penetration Testing: A Hands-On Introduction To Hacking.

4. THE SHELLCODER'S HANDBOOK

This book is about learning shellcode's of the OS and how OS can be exploited. This book is all about discovering and exploiting security holes in devices to take over.

Authors: Chris Anley, John Heasman, Felix "FX" Linder, Gerardo Richarte.

CONTENTS

• Stack Overflows
• Shellcode
• Introduction to Format String Bugs
• Windows Shellcode
• Windows Overflows
• Overcoming Filters
• Introduction to Solaris Exploitation
• OS X Shellcode
• Cisco IOS Exploitation
• Protection Mechanisms
• Establishing a Working Environment
• Fault Injection
• The Art of Fuzzing
• Beyond Recognition: A Real Vulnerability versus a Bug
• Instrumented Investigation: A Manual Approach
• Tracing for Vulnerabilities
• Binary Auditing: Hacking Closed Source Software
• Alternative Payload Strategies
• Writing Exploits that Work in the Wild
• Attacking Database Software
• Unix Kernel Overflows
• Exploiting Unix Kernel Vulnerabilities
• Hacking the Windows Kernel

Download The ShellCoder's HandBook.

5. THE HACKER'S HANDBOOK WEB APPLICATION SECURITY FLAWS

This handbook is about finding and exploiting the web applications.

Authors: Dafydd Stuttard, Marcus Pinto.

CONTENTS

• Chapter 1 Web Application (In)security
• Chapter 2 Core Defense Mechanisms
• Chapter 3 Web Application Technologies
• Chapter 4 Mapping the Application
• Chapter 5 Bypassing Client-Side Controls
• Chapter 6 Attacking Authentication
• Chapter 7 Attacking Session Management
• Chapter 8 Attacking Access Controls
• Chapter 9 Attacking Data Stores
• Chapter 10 Attacking Back-End Components
• Chapter 11 Attacking Application Logic
• Chapter 12 Attacking Users: Cross-Site Scripting
• Chapter 13 Attacking Users: Other Techniques
• Chapter 14 Automating Customized Attacks
• Chapter 15 Exploiting Information Disclosure
• Chapter 16 Attacking Native Compiled Applications
• Chapter 17 Attacking Application Architecture
• Chapter 18 Attacking the Application Server
• Chapter 19 Finding Vulnerabilities in Source Code
• Chapter 20 A Web Application Hacker's Toolkit
• Chapter 21 A Web Application Hacker's Methodology

Download The Hacker's Handbook Web Application Security Flaws.

So, these are the top 5 best hacking books on the market. There may be more fascinating books in the future that make take place in the top list. But for now, these are the best hacking books. Read and share your experience with these books.

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Amnesia / Radiation Linux Botnet Targeting Remote Code Execution In CCTV DVR Samples

Reference

Amnesia / Radiation botnet samples targeting Remote Code Execution in CCTV DVR 

2017-04-06 Palo Alto Unit 42. New IoT/Linux Malware Targets DVRs, Forms Botnet

2016-08-11 CyberX Radiation IoT Cybersecurity campaign

Download

             Other malware

Download. Email me if you need the password (see in my profile)

Hashes

MD5	SHA256	SHA1
74bf554c4bc30d172cf1d73ac553d766	06d30ba7c96dcaa87ac584c59748708205e813a4dffa7568c1befa52ae5f0374	3c40221177383da576b11a0b3f6b35d68a9cde74
5dd9056e5ab6a92e61822b6c04afd346	10aa7b3863f34d340f960b89e64319186b6ffb5d2f86bf0da3f05e7dbc5d9653	c865dd67853a24fd86ef74b05140827c1d5fd0bd
2b486466f4d3e30f7b22d0bc76cb68f9	175fe89bbc8e44d45f4d86e0d96288e1e868524efa260ff07cb63194d04ea575	ed62f6d1588bea33c20ababb42c02662d93d6015
3411bb2965f4c3d52c650aff04f48e52	1d8bc81acbba0fc56605f60f5a47743491d48dab43b97a40d4a7f6c21caca12a	1e0281178b4a9d8dec74f50a7850867c87837435
34f915ac414e9aad2859217169f9a3aa	2f9cd1d07c535aae41d5eed1f8851855b95b5b38fb6fe139b5f1ce43ed22df22	d66f1e47c983a8d30ad7fd30cd08db8cd29a92b0
59e08f2ce1c3e55e2493baf36c1ad3c6	327f24121d25ca818cf8414c1cc704c3004ae63a65a9128e283d64be03cdd42e	90d45b81e9a97ddcc9911122f4e8fd439ccc8fa9
f4bc173bf80d922da4e755896af0db61	37b2b33a8e344efcaca0abe56c6163ae64026ccef65278b232a9170ada1972af	fab32f8c3ce3a837e80a1d98ada41a5bf39b01e7
a253273e922ce93e2746a9791798e3fe	3a595e7cc8e32071781e36bbbb680d8578ea307404ec07e3a78a030574da8f96	99cfdec405f6a9f43d58b1856fce7ca3445395d3
335e322c56278e258e4d7b5e17ad98e6	4313af898c5e15a68616f8c40e8c7408f39e0996a9e4cc3e22e27e7aeb2f8d54	504022707609a0fec9cbb21005cb0875be2a4726
93522e5f361a051f568bd1d74d901d30	46ea20e3cf34d1d4cdfd797632c47396d9bdc568a75d550d208b91caa7d43a9b	e7fc96b2a92888572de2539f227c9a6625449f83
c86af536d87c1e5745e7d8c9f44fd25d	4b0feb1dd459ade96297b361c69690ff69e97ca6ee5710c3dc6a030261ba69e0	6ef69a683913ae650634aedc40af8d595c45cb4f
90c7c5e257c95047dbf52bbfbe011fd6	4db9924decd3e578a6b7ed7476e499f8ed792202499b360204d6f5b807f881b8	1c3a9be6ae9300aaad00fb87d5407ed6e84ec80b
7c0528e54b086e5455ef92218ea23d03	5e6896b39c57d9609dc1285929b746b06e070886809692a4ac37f9e1b53b250c	868abc912ff2fdcd733ff1da87e48e7d4c288a73
6405b42d2c7e42244ac73695bb7bfe6b	64f03fff3ed6206337332a05ab9a84282f85a105432a3792e20711b920124707	173aca65181c8da84e062c803a43a404ad49302d
6441157813de77d9849da5db9987d0bb	6b2885a4f8c9d84e5dc49830abf7b1edbf1b458d8b9d2bafb680370106f93bc3	92dff9bdb31d3b9480d9e5f72a307715859dd094
614ea66b907314398cc14b3d2fdebe79	6b29b65c3886b6734df788cfc6628fbee4ce8921e3c0e8fc017e4dea2da0fd0b	c7e71c42d391f9c69375505dbf3767ba967f9103
00fe3120a666a85b84500ded1af8fb61	885dce73237c4d7b4d481460baffbd5694ab671197e8c285d53b551f893d6c09	342ed67e08d16ab982a4012fcecdca060a5da46b
5477de039f7838dea20d3be1ae249fcb	886136558ec806da5e70369ee22631bfb7fa06c27d16c987b6f6680423bc84b0	5b19202b45e5a58cadec8c2efa40fd924b64177d
91bf10249c5d98ea6ae11f17b6ef0970	8f57ec9dfba8cf181a723a6ac2f5a7f50b4550dd33a34637cf0f302c43fd0243	682dab9ec3ff0b629cce4e16c9c74171dd2551d4
fb0a7e12d2861e8512a38a6cdef3ddf0	9351ee0364bdbb5b2ff7825699e1b1ee319b600ea0726fd9bb56d0bd6c6670cb	c077c490bb22df9886475dc5bedfc6c032061024
9b7f5a1228fa66cbd35e75fb774fdc8e	9c7a5239601a361b67b1aa3f19b462fd894402846f635550a1d63bee75eab0a2	ae89bc6c5cc1818b3136a40961462327c3dececc
5b97d54dc5001eb7cf238292405070a6	a010bf82e2c32cba896e04ec8dbff58e32eee9391f6986ab22c612165dad36a0	96d2194f5f3927de75605f6ca6110fe683383a01
642f523bb46c2e901416047dca1c5d4e	ad65c9937a376d9a53168e197d142eb27f04409432c387920c2ecfd7a0b941c8	bbf667213a446bc9bc4a5a2e54e7391752e3a9b8
c617655312c573ecb01d292b320fff2e	aeb480cf01696b7563580b77605558f9474c34d323b05e5e47bf43ff16b67d6a	de102a6f35e08f18aa0c58358f5b22871eb0a45f
c8835a3d385162ae02bd4cb6c5ebac87	b113ec41cc2fd9be9ac712410b9fd3854d7d5ad2dcaac33af2701102382d5815	831eb9cf0dcd57a879c04830e54a3b85fe5d6229
1497740fa8920e4af6aa981a5b405937	b13014435108b34bb7cbcef75c4ef00429b440a2adf22976c31a1645af531252	8d6b90f0b88b1ad5dcc87d377e6a82dc6ac64211
5e925e315ff7a69c2f2cf1556423d5af	b3d0d0e2144bd1ddd27843ef65a2fce382f6d590a8fee286fda49f8074711545	64fe900b3a2b030c28211404afa45703c6869dea
951ec487fb3fece58234677d7fe3e4dc	bdefa773e3f09cdc409f03a09a3982f917a0cc656b306f0ece3dd1a2564a8772	0b03d9471522590530dd90ad30b2d235ec98b578
3e84998197fc25cbac57870e3cdeb2de	c03b403d5de9778a2ec5949d869281f13976c2fc5b071e0f5f54277680c80902	0b9eb6d931dc6b226a913e89bb422f58228de0d0
c3a73d24df62057e299b6af183889e6b	cb2382b818993ef6b8c738618cc74a39ecab243302e13fdddb02943d5ba79483	6a683ef6f7653e5ee64969cbbbe4403601ae9ded
d428f50a0f8cd57b0d8fe818ace6af20	ce61dcfc3419ddef25e61b6d30da643a1213aa725d579221f7c2edef40ca2db3	9bd832256b94e43546dfb77532f6d70fcd1ce874
e1d6d4564b35bb19d2b85ca620d7b8f2	d0bda184dfa31018fe999dfd9e1f99ca0ef502296c2cccf454dde30e5d3a9df9	c1af00d3263893b5d23dbf38015fe3c6a92cefaf
e9502ae7b0048b9ea25dd7537818904c	e7d6b3e1fba8cdf2f490031e8eb24cd515a30808cdd4aa15c2a41aa0016f8082	0e080ac0130ab3f7265df01b8397e4abd13c38cb
8eb34e1fb7dd9d9f0e1fef2803812759	eb54dc959b3cc03fbd285cef9300c3cd2b7fe86b4adeb5ca7b098f90abb55b8a	5310a99f0f8c92bfa2f8da87e60c645f2cae305a
ca0fc25ce066498031dc4ca3f72de4b8	f23fecbb7386a2aa096819d857a48b853095a86c011d454da1fb8e862f2b4583	7f4d97eea294fc567b058b09cc915be56c2a80e1
5a2fcfff8d6aab9a0abe9ca97f6093ed	f6af2fa4f987df773d37d9bb44841a720817ce3817dbf1e983650b5af9295a16	f4ddf49fbf23edb23f50be62637a4a688e352057
ed98e8fa385b39ca274e0de17b1007e6	f7a737cb73802d54f7758afe4f9d0a7d2ea7fda4240904c0a79abae732605729	a69d4c2b88bfe3a06245f8fbfb8abe5e9a894cec
320db5f1230fcfe0672c8515eb9ddcfc	f7cf1e0d7756d1874630d0d697c3b0f3df0632500cff1845b6308b11059deb07	8d40dbf34a02dd43a81e5cdc58a0b11bfa9f5663
18d6af9211d0477f9251cf9524f898f3	f97848514b63e9d655a5d554e62f9e102eb477c5767638eeec9efd5c6ad443d8	b0e76be186fd609d5a8a33d59d16ffa3bdab1573

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